The Right to Contract in the California Constitution Art Section

California Constitution
Preamble
Articles
I • II • Iii • 4 • V • Vi VII • Eight • IX • Ten • XA XB • XI • XII • Thirteen • 13 A Xiii B • Thirteen C • XIII D • 14 • Xv • XVI • XVIII • XIX • 19 A • Nineteen B • XIX C Xx • XXI • XXII XXXIV • XXXV

The California Constitution is the key governing document of the state of California.

Groundwork

• The electric current (and second) California Constitution was adopted in 1879.^[1]
• The current constitution has been amended over 516 times.^[i]
• The most recent amendments to the California Constitution, of which in that location were 2, were approved by voters in 2020.
• California has a procedure for initiated constitutional amendments, which means constitutional amendments can happen through citizen initiatives, legislatively referred constitutional amendments, or constitutional conventions.

Preamble

See as well: Preamble, California Constitution and Preambles to state constitutions

	"We, the People of the State of California, grateful to Omnipotent God for our freedom, in order to secure and perpetuate its blessings, do establish this Constitution."[ii]

Article I

See too: Article I, California Constitution

Article I is labeled the "Announcement of Rights." It contains 32 sections. The showtime section declares: "All people are by nature gratis and independent and take inalienable rights. Amidst these are enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protecting belongings, and pursuing and obtaining safety, happiness, and privacy."^[2]

Click here to read this article of the California Constitution.

Commodity Ii

Run into also: Article 2, California Constitution

Article II is labeled, "Voting, Initiative and Referendum, and Call up." It has 20 sections, many of which are short and even i-judgement declarations, such equally Section vii which says "Voting shall be hole-and-corner."^[2]

Department 8, Department 10, Section eleven and Section 12 govern ballot initiatives, including defining the signature requirements for initiatives, the unmarried-subject area rule, a provision (added in 1998) that says canonical initiatives must employ equally to all subdivisions once they take issue, what to do in the example of conflicting initiatives and the California Chaser General's ballot title authorities.^[2]

Click hither to read this commodity of the California Constitution.

Article III

Cartoon depicting concern over the 1879 constitution.

See as well: Commodity 3, California Constitution

Article 3 is labeled, "State of California." It has nine sections that lay out some basic, definitional characteristics of how the government of California is organized. It includes provisions on how to sue the country of California. It has been amended over the years to include some very specific provisions such every bit Section 6, which defines English language as the official language of California, and Section 8, which establishes a compensation commission.

Click here to read this article of the California Constitution.

Article Four

See likewise: Commodity IV, California Constitution

Article IV is labeled "Legislative." It has 23 sections.

Commodity IV lays out the powers, privileges and responsibilities of the California State Legislature, the California State Assembly and the California Country Senate.

Section 1.5 makes a stiff argument in favor of term limits, saying, "The ability of legislators to serve unlimited number of terms, to plant their own retirement system, and to pay for staff and back up services at state expense contribute heavily to the extremely high number of incumbents who are re-elected. These unfair incumbent advantages discourage qualified candidates from seeking public role and create a course of career politicians, instead of the citizen representatives envisioned past the Founding Fathers. These career politicians become representatives of the bureaucracy, rather than of the people whom they are elected to correspond."^[2]

Department 2 defines the verbal nature of those term limits.^[2]

Section 9 says that statutes passed by the legislature can concern themselves with only i subject.^[2]

Click here to read this article of the California Constitution.

Article V

See also: Commodity Five, California Constitution

Commodity V is labeled "Executive." Information technology has thirteen sections, which go from Section 1-Department fourteen, with no section 12.

Commodity V lays out the duties and regime of the executive co-operative of the California authorities, including those of the governor.^[ii]

Click here to read this commodity of the California Constitution.

Article VI

Meet as well: Commodity VI, California Constitution

Article Half dozen is the commodity of the constitution that lays out the telescopic, responsibilities, powers and authorities of the judicial branch of the California regime. Information technology has 22 sections.^[2]

Click here to read this commodity of the California Constitution.

Article 7

See also: Article VII, California Constitution

Article VII is labeled "Public Officers and Employees." It has eleven sections.

Click hither to read this article of the California Constitution.

Article VIII

There is no Article VIII.

Commodity 9

Encounter also: Commodity IX, California Constitution

Article IX is labeled "Instruction." It is numbered in Sections 1 through Sections xvi. Over the years, six sections take been interpolated in the article (2.one, iii.1, 3.ii, 3.3, 6.five and seven.v), while Sections four, ten, 11, 12, 13 and 15 have been deleted.

Click here to read this article of the California Constitution.

Article 10

See also: Article 10, California Constitution

Article 10 is labeled "Water." It has seven sections.

• Department 1 asserts that the right of eminent domain exists with respect to all frontages on navigable waters in California.

• Section 2 says that the correct of access to water in the country is limited to "such water as shall be reasonably required for the benign utilise to be served."^[2]

Click here to read this article of the California Constitution.

Article XA

Encounter too: Article XA, California Constitution

Article XA is labeled "H2o Resources Development." It includes viii sections.

Click here to read this article of the California Constitution.

Article XB

Run into also: Article XB, California Constitution

Article XB is labeled "Marine Resources Protection Act of 1990." Information technology became part of the state's constitution as the result of California Proposition 132 (1990).

Click here to read this commodity of the California Constitution.

Commodity XI

See also: Commodity XI, California Constitution

Article 11 is labeled "Local Government." It has 15 sections, which define the powers and constraints of local governments.

Click here to read this article of the California Constitution.

Article XII

See also: Article XII, California Constitution

Commodity XII is labeled "Public Utilities." It has ix sections. These sections ascertain the scope of the state's Public Utilities Commission.

1 section (Section vii) notes that transportation companies are non allowed to "grant gratuitous passes or discounts" to whatsoever public officeholders in the state, other than the members of the Public Utilities Committee.^[2]

Click here to read this commodity of the California Constitution.

Article Thirteen

See besides: Commodity Xiii, California Constitution

Article XIII is labeled "Taxation." It is numbered in Sections 1-35, but it consists of 38 sections since 3 half-sections (3.5, viii.five and 25.5) take been added over time. Taken together, the 38 sections of Article XIII lay out a number of detailed provisions about what kind of property in California is taxable, along with some holding that the Article holds to be exempt from taxation.^[2]

Click here to read this article of the California Constitution.

Article Xiii A

See also: Article XIII A, California Constitution

Commodity XIII A is labeled "Tax Limitation" and contains seven sections.

Click hither to read this article of the California Constitution.

Article XIII B

See also: Article XIII B, California Constitution

Commodity XIII B is labeled "Government Spending Limitation" and contains 15 sections.

Click hither to read this article of the California Constitution.

Article XIII C

Encounter also: Commodity Xiii C, California Constitution

Commodity XIII C is labeled "Voter Approving for Local Tax Levies" and contains iii sections.

Click hither to read this commodity of the California Constitution.

Commodity XIII D

Encounter as well: Article 13 D, California Constitution

Commodity XIII D is labeled "Assessment and Property-Related Fee Reform" and contains vi sections.

Click here to read this article of the California Constitution.

Article XIV

See also: Commodity XIV, California Constitution

Article Fourteen is labeled "Labor Relations." It has v sections that lay out the powers of the legislature and regulations relating to minimum wage, overtime, workers bounty, and other labor-related provisions.

Click here to read this article of the California Constitution.

Commodity 15

See also: Commodity Fifteen, California Constitution

Article 15 is labeled "Usury." Information technology has one department related to interest rates.

Click hither to read this commodity of the California Constitution.

Article XVI

Come across also: Article Xvi, California Constitution

Article 16 is labeled "Public Finance" and relates to public loans, appropriations, expenditures, and other public finance-related provisions.

Click here to read this commodity of the California Constitution.

Article XVIII

See besides: Article Eighteen, California Constitution

Commodity Eighteen is labeled "Amending and Revising the Constitution." It has four sections that chronicle to alteration the country constitution, specifically through the process of initiated ramble amendment, legislatively referred constitutional amendment, and Constitutional convention.

Click here to read this commodity of the California Constitution.

Article 19

See also: Article Xix, California Constitution

Article 19 is labeled "Motor Vehicle Revenues" and has ten sections.

Click hither to read this commodity of the California Constitution.

Article XIX A

Meet likewise: Article XIX A, California Constitution

Commodity 19 A is labeled "Loans from the Public Transportation Account or Local Transportation Funds" and has two sections.

Click here to read this article of the California Constitution.

Article XIX B

Run across as well: Commodity XIX B, California Constitution

Article XIX B is labeled "Motor Vehicle Fuel Sales Tax Revenues and Transportation Improvement Funding" and has ii sections.

Click here to read this article of the California Constitution.

Article XIX C

Run into as well: Article XIX C, California Constitution

Article XIX C is labeled "Enforcement of Sure Provisions" and has 4 sections.

Click hither to read this article of the California Constitution.

Commodity XIX D

See also: Article Xix D, California Constitution

Article XIX D is labeled "Vehicle License Fee Revenues for Transportation Purposes" and has one section.

Click here to read this article of the California Constitution.

Article 20

Encounter also: Commodity 20, California Constitution

Article Twenty is labeled "Miscellaneous Subjects" relates to a diverseness of subjects from provisions specific to one local jurisdiction and the language to be used to swear in certain public officials to the duties and powers of the Department of Alcoholic Drinkable Command and providing that the Speaker of the Assembly be an ex officio fellow member of whatsoever country bureau created to manage the state's college system.

Click here to read this commodity of the California Constitution.

Article XXI

See likewise: Article XXI, California Constitution

Article XXI is labeled "Redistricting of Senate, Assembly, Congressional and Board of Equalization Districts" and has three sections.

Click hither to read this article of the California Constitution.

Article XXII

Run across too: Article XXII, California Constitution

Commodity XXII is labeled "Architectural and Engineering science Services." Commodity XXII in its entirety was added to the California Constitution in November 2000, when Proposition 35 was canonical by the state'due south voters.

Click here to read this commodity of the California Constitution.

Article XXXIV

See also: Article XXXIV, California Constitution

Article XXXIV is labeled "Public Housing Project Law." It has four sections that relate to local voter approval of depression-rent housing projects for which the construction or operation is at to the lowest degree partially past the Federal government.

Click here to read this commodity of the California Constitution.

Article XXXV

See also: Article XXXV, California Constitution

Article XXXV is labeled "Medical Research." It has seven sections. The entire article was added to the constitution in 2004 when Proposition 71, the Stem Jail cell Research Initiative, was approved.

Click here to read this commodity of the California Constitution.

Amending the constitution

Encounter also: Amending state constitutions

The California Constitution can be amended in these means:

• Through the process of a legislatively referred ramble amendment. This procedure is divers in Section 1 of Article Eighteen of the California Constitution. According to that section:

• Two-thirds of the membership of each chamber of the California Land Legislature must propose an amendment, which then goes on a statewide ballot to exist ratified or rejected by the state'due south voters.
• The country legislature is allowed to propose revisions (not just amendments) to the constitution.
• If measures conflict, and they both become more 50 percent of the vote, the 1 with the highest number of votes prevails.
• Ratified amendments take effect the solar day later on the election.

• Through the process of an initiated constitutional subpoena, according to Section 3 of Commodity XVIII and Section 8 of Commodity II.

• Petitioners tin can collect signatures equaling viii percentage of the virtually recent total number of votes cast for the office of governor to qualify a proposed amendment for the ballot.
• See Ballotpedia's page on laws governing the initiative process in California for full details on the process and requirements of an initiated constitutional subpoena in California.

• Through the process of a constitutional convention. Co-ordinate to Section 2 of Article XVIII, if two-thirds of the members of each chamber of the state legislature hold, a question as to whether to call a convention or revise the constitution goes on the state's next general election ballot.

Constitutional convention advocated

See likewise: California constitutional convention

A constitutional convention was under consideration in 2009-2010 by some California political organizations to fix the arrangement they argued was broken.^{[3] [4]}

The hope of those who supported a ramble convention was that it would "take on the manifold structural bug in California's budget process at a single stroke."^[5]

The Bay Surface area Quango was a leading voice in favor of a constitutional convention. The group sponsored several summits and meetings to develop back up for a convention. Comments from the summits included: "Drastic times call for drastic measures" and "We believe it is our duty to declare that our California government is not only broken, information technology has become destructive to our future."^[6]

Messages requesting ballot titles for ii potential 2010 ballot propositions were filed with the California Chaser Full general in June 2009. Still, in Feb 2010, supporters announced that a lack of funds had led them to decide to abandon the endeavor.

• California Electors Right to Phone call for Constitutional Convention Human activity (2010)
• California Telephone call for a Express Constitutional Convention (2010)

See also

• State constitution
• Constitutional article
• Constitutional amendment
• Ramble revision
• Constitutional convention
• Amendments
  • Initiated constitutional subpoena
  • Legislatively-referred ramble amendment
  • Publication requirements for proposed country constitutional amendments
  • Rules about ramble conventions in state constitutions
  • State constitutional articles governing state legislatures

External links

• California Constitution
• California Secretary of State, "1849 California Constitution from the California Country Athenaeum"
• California Secretary of State, "Inventory of the Constitutional Revision Committee Records, 1964-1972"

Footnotes

1. ↑ ^{one.0 1.1} KCET, "California Constitution, Altered Over 500 Times; U.S. Constitution, Only 27," September 3, 2012 This number is based on the number of amendments mentioned in the cited article plus the number of approved constitutional amendments in California since 2012.
2. ↑ ^{2.00 ii.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 two.ten 2.11} Cite fault: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ca
3. ↑ IndyBay, "Does California Need a Constitutional Convention?" August 1, 2009
4. ↑ Los Angeles Times, "Prepare for the devil we don't know," accessed Baronial 16, 2009
5. ↑ Los Angeles Times, "Fixing California: A ramble convention -- solution or threat?" accessed June v, 2009
6. ↑ San Francisco Chronicle, "California government has failed the states," accessed August 21, 2009

v•e California Constitution
	California Constitution • Preamble • Article I • Article Ii • Article III • Commodity Iv • Article Five • Article VI • Article Vii • Article VIII • Article Ix • Commodity X • Article XA • Article XB • Article XI • Article XII • Article Xiii • Article 13 A • Article Xiii B • Article XIII C • Article Xiii D • Article XIV • Article Fifteen • Commodity XVI • Article XVIII • Article XIX • Commodity Xix A • Article XIX B • Commodity Xix C • Commodity XX • Commodity XXI • Article XXII • Article XXXIV • Article XXXV

v•east State constitutions of the United States
Federal	United States Constitution
Country constitutions	Alabama • Alaska • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Connecticut • Delaware • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • Idaho • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Kansas • Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Montana • Nebraska • Nevada • New Hampshire • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York • Northward Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania • Rhode Isle • Southward Carolina • South Dakota • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming
U.S. Territories	American Samoa • Guam • Northern Mariana Islands • Puerto Rico • U.S. Virgin Islands
Changing constitutions	Amending state constitutions • Constitutional amendment • Ramble revision • Constitutional convention • Legislatively-referred ramble amendment • Initiated constitutional amendment • Preambles to state constitutions • Publication requirements • Rules about constitutional conventions • Number of state constitutional amendments in each state

	5•due east Land of California Sacramento (uppercase)
Elections	What's on my ballot? | Elections in 2022 | How to vote | How to run for office | Ballot measures
Government	Who represents me? | U.S. President | U.South. Congress | Federal courts | State executives | State legislature | State and local courts | Counties | Cities | School districts | Public policy

cunninghamnothaveld.blogspot.com

Source: https://ballotpedia.org/California_Constitution

Share this post